Bashkir-Kyrgyz Ethnogenetic Parallels - A. Bikbulatova, A. Asylguzhin, A. Maksutova
- Kyrgyz American Foundation
- Mar 24
- 16 min read
“The penetration of tribal groups such as the Khakas, Kyrgyz, Un, Saryg, As, and also Tabyn into Bashkiria dates back to the 9th–10th centuries and is associated with the westward expansion of the Khakas (Kyrgyz) during the era of the so-called “Kyrgyz Empire.”
Important information for reconstructing the settlement areas of the Bashkirs and Kyrgyz is found in the works of medieval Eastern (Arabic and Persian) geographers and historians.
During the time of Genghis Khan, as reflected in Qissa-i Chinggis Khan, the Kyrgyz had long been part of the Bashkir people, forming an autonomous Kyrgyz ulus (district, tribal unit).
After the Bashkirs accepted Moscow (Russian) sovereignty in the mid-16th century, their tradition of autonomous political and legal status was preserved.
Most Bashkir clans officially (legally) secured the lands they occupied—through collective clan rights (patrimonial rights).
The results of genetic studies help clarify theories about the origin and migration paths of the ancestors of the Kyrgyz clan within the Bashkirs, and shed light on the genetic relatedness of tested representatives of various Bashkir and Kyrgyz clans.
A number of other Bashkir tribal groups have relatively close genetic kinship with Kyrgyz clans through the Y-chromosome, on various related subclades of the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a.
Of particular interest is the discovered genetic proximity between tested representatives of the Bashkir Koshso clan and the Kyrgyz Kushchi clan from the Talas region of Kyrgyzstan.
During the incorporation of Bashkir lands into the expanding Muscovite state, a widespread governmental practice of managing the population was applied to the Bashkirs—one that had already been tested during the period when Bashkir tribes were part of the Ulus of Jochi.
The Kyrgyz clan among the Bashkirs, whose settlements formed the Kyrgyz volost (district), was allocated land in the western part of present-day Bashkortostan.
Today, these lands include parts of the Ilishevsky, Bakalinsky, Sharansky, and Tuymazinsky districts of Bashkortostan, as well as parts of the Aktanyshsky and Yutazinsky districts of Tatarstan.
Like other Bashkir clans and tribes, the Kyrgyz Bashkirs—as an autonomous structure—were, first, required to pay a natural tax or tribute (yasak), and second, to equip and form armed detachments when necessary.
Over a long historical period, up until the suppression of the major Bashkir uprising of 1735–1740, the Bashkirs retained the duty of guarding the southeastern frontier of Muscovy.
The comparison of written sources—verified by genetic studies and preserved in popular memory through legends and shezhere (genealogies)—opens new perspectives on understanding the realities of the medieval period and the phenomenon of Kyrgyz clan infiltration into the Bashkir population. It also provides answers to questions related to the formation processes of ethnic identity and its various levels (clan-based, national).
An important source confirming the ancient history of interaction between the Bashkirs and the Kyrgyz is found in preserved oral traditions and mythological accounts.
Materials and Methods of Research
This article primarily employs classical methods of historical research, particularly source criticism and the comparative-historical method.
The comparative-historical method allows for the synthesis and analysis of a large body of sources relevant to the research topic, shedding light on ethnocultural parallels among Turkic peoples.
Analyzing previously collected sources and undertaking a comprehensive study of retrospective events over an extended historical period helps to reveal a number of previously unnoticed patterns in the ethnic connections between the Bashkirs and the Kyrgyz.
To clarify issues related to the degree of ethnogenetic kinship between Kyrgyz and Bashkir clans, the study applies methods commonly used in genetic research—namely, forensic genetics techniques for analyzing STR markers, methods for studying STR marker polymorphisms, and Y-chromosome SNP marker analysis.
Genetic research offers a unique opportunity to confirm or refute historical hypotheses about the origins of a major clan (tribe) within the Bashkir people—the Kyrgyz—and to identify ethnogenetic relationships between other clan groups among both the Bashkirs and the Kyrgyz, particularly the Koshso clan among the Bashkirs and the Kushchi among the Kyrgyz.
Genetic analysis of descendants of the Bashkir Kyrgyz clan, carried out within the framework of the “History of Bashkir Clans” project, showed that the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup among representatives of this clan is I-M253.
However, a number of other Bashkir clan groups demonstrate relatively close genetic relatedness to Kyrgyz samples.
Degree of Study of the Topic
Historians L.R. Kyzlasov and R.G. Kuzeev date the appearance of such tribal groups as Khakas, Kyrgyz, Un, Saryg, As, as well as the Tabyn clans in the territory of Historical Bashkortostan to the 9th–10th centuries. According to these scholars, this was connected with the westward expansion of the Khakas (Kyrgyz).
They made several valuable conclusions regarding Kyrgyz-Bashkir interaction, among which is the suggestion that at a certain time, the borders of the Kyrgyz Khaganate extended as far as the Ural Mountains (Kyzlasov, 1984; Kuzeev, 1974).
One of the academic focuses of Kyrgyz researcher I. Moldobaev has been the study of the intangible cultural heritage of the Kyrgyz, Bashkirs, and other Turkic peoples—particularly the ethnocultural heritage of epic traditions.
Important information on this topic is contained in his specialized monograph “Bashkir-Kyrgyz Parallels in the Ethnonymy of the Epic ‘Manas’” (Moldobaev, 1982).
Furthermore, a separate chapter (Chapter 3), “Reflections of Kyrgyz Ethnic Connections in the Epic ‘Manas’,” in his monograph is devoted to Kyrgyz-Bashkir parallels in the ethnonymy of the Manas epic, while another chapter is dedicated to Kyrgyz-Kazakh ethnic connections (Moldobaev, 1985).
Materials that reflect similar parallels in the epic heritage of the Bashkirs and Kyrgyz can also be found in the article “Ural Batyr – A Key Source on the History of the Ancient Bashkirs” by the renowned Bashkir historian and archaeologist N.A. Mazhitov (Mazhitov, 1995).
Also worth noting is the publication by Z.G. Aminev, in which he makes an interesting attempt to reconstruct the complex issue of the ethnogenesis of the Bashkir people through the analysis of the Ural Batyr epic, as well as by comparing myths and epics of other peoples, including the Kyrgyz Manas (Aminev, 2013).
For the purposes of our study, important information on the geography of Kyrgyz and Bashkir settlement is provided by the famous work of the medieval author Mahmud al-Kashgari, who placed the Bashkirs in relative proximity to the historical Kyrgyz settlement regions (Kashgari, 2005).
Valuable data for reconstructing the settlement areas of the Bashkirs and Kyrgyz is also found in the works of other Eastern geographers—Abu Ishaq al-Istakhri, Ibn Hawqal (Viae Regnorum, 1927), and the historian Mahmud Gardizi, who mentioned a meeting between the Bashkirs and ancient Kyrgyz and the alliance they formed in the second half of the 9th century (History of Khakassia, 1993).
A comprehensive study of Kyrgyz-Bashkir ethnogenetic and historical-cultural connections was presented in Timur Ayupov’s 2017 work “Kyrgyz-Bashkir Ethnogenetic and Historical-Cultural Interrelations.”
In this monograph, based on comparative analysis, solid archival and field materials from Eastern authors are presented, along with ethnographic, linguistic, and folklore data on the historical-cultural connections between the Bashkirs and the Kyrgyz (Ayupov, 2017).
In 2015, as part of the multi-volume project “The History of Bashkir Clans,” a separate volume was published dedicated to the Bashkir Kyrgyz clan.
Its goal was to provide the most complete information possible on the ethnic and political history of this clan alliance, the history of its settlements, linguistic and cultural features, as well as its genetic history (IBR Kyrgyz).
Ethnogenetic parallels between the Bashkirs and Kyrgyz are also reflected in many other volumes of this project (IBR Tabyn, IBR Koshso, and others).
In working on this project, we also used the results of genetic research by our Kazakh colleagues (Sabitov et al., 2012; Sabitov, 2013), as well as colleagues from other countries (Zerjal et al., 2002; Haplogroups, 2023; İlhan Cengiz).
Analysis
The Kyrgyz volost (district) is recorded among Bashkir volosts in Russian documents starting from the 16th century.
Renowned ethnographer R.G. Kuzeev wrote: “…we may assume that the Bashkir Kyrgyz are descendants of the ancient (Yenisei) Kyrgyz” (Kuzeev, 1974: 361), and also suggested that the Kyrgyz arrived in Bashkiria as part of the Kipchak wave in the 13th–14th centuries.
According to oral tradition, the historian notes, the ancient homeland of the Kyrgyz was far off “in the Siberian region” (Kuzeev, 1974: 339–340).
Historian T.M. Ayupov, who analyzed recorded legends and oral traditions of both Bashkirs and Kyrgyz, identified numerous examples of long-standing ethnocultural ties between these two peoples—now living at considerable distances from each other.
The recurring “similar plots, shared ethnonyms, anthroponyms, and toponyms point to the exceptional complexity and shared origins of the ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz and Bashkir peoples, which is a significant factor in the study of their history.” He concludes that the Bashkir Kyrgyz (the Kyrgyz clan, Kyrgyz volost in western Bashkiria) are descendants of the ancient Kyrgyz of Central Asia (Ayupov, 2023: 114).
Of particular interest is the preserved presence within the southern Kyrgyz Bargy tribe, part of the Adygine division, of a small clan named “Bashkir” (in the villages of Zhalpaktash, Uzgen District, and Torgoy, Kara-Kulja District, Osh Region). According to T. Ayupov, “this is an ethnonymic expression of those direct contacts” (Ayupov, 2023: 116).
During the period of the “Kyrgyz Empire” (the expansion of the Kyrgyz Khaganate in the 9th–10th centuries), a wide region encompassing Western Altai and Eastern Kazakhstan saw the emergence of new tribes through the mixing of Kyrgyz, Kimaks, Uighurs, and others.
One such culture is mentioned in the Persian work Hudud al-‘Alam (late 10th century):
"Karkar(a)-khan is another region belonging to the Kimaks, and its inhabitants resemble the Khirghiz in their customs" (Aristov, 1896:277–456).
Researchers have noted the similarity between the name of this region of the Kimak Khaganate and the ethnonym “Kyrgyz” (Bartold, 1973).
Based on this, Sh.N. Isyangulov suggests that “the Bashkir tribe Kirgiz is one such formation, influenced by the Kyrgyz Khaganate and having adopted the ethnonym” (Isyangulov, 2015:29).
Arab-Muslim historical-geographical literature helps clarify the question of the maximal territorial expansion of the Kyrgyz Khaganate during its “imperial” phase.
A representative of the classical 10th-century geographical school, Abu Ishaq al-Istakhri, and later Ibn Hawqal—the author of Hudud al-‘Alam—both believed that the Volga River (Itil) originated in the land of the Kyrgyz:
“As for the river Itil, I have learned that it emerges near the Khirghiz…”(Viae Regnorum, 1927: 222).
Relying on the perspectives of Eastern scholars, who considered the Belaya River (Agidel), which flows from the Riphean Mountains (Jabal Kukaya), as the source of the Volga (Itil), historian L.R. Kyzlasov proposes that at a certain time, the borders of the Kyrgyz Khaganate extended as far as the Ural Mountains (History of Khakassia, 1993: 85).
The period during which bearers of the ethnonym Kyrgyz resided in the Trans-Ural steppes is reflected in Muslim sources and in toponymy. We may hypothesize that the name of the Kyshtym River, which flows through present-day Chelyabinsk Oblast (now home to the city of Kyshtym, located on the river of the same name), may serve as evidence of the transformation of the inhabitants (tribes) of Eastern Trans-Urals in that distant era into Kyrgyz tribute-payers—kyshtyms.
An important source testifying to the interaction between the Bashkirs and Kyrgyz is a report—or more precisely, a mythological account—by the 11th-century Persian author Abu Saʿid ʿAbd al-Khayy b. az-Zahhāk b. Maḥmūd Gardizi about a meeting between the Bashkirs and ancient Kyrgyz.
According to this source, it appears that in the second half of the 9th century, the Bashkirs entered into an alliance with the ancient Kyrgyz (History of Khakassia, 1993: 85).
In doing so, they became enemies of the Uighurs, Oghuz, Kimaks, and Kipchaks. Of interest is the relatively accurate reconstruction of the route leading from the land of the Slavs to the land of the Khazars (the Volga region), from there to Bashdjurt (i.e., the Bashkirs in the Southern Urals), then to the Kimaks (Middle Irtysh), further through the Altai to the Yenisei and the Kyrgyz (Kyzlasov, 1984: 120).
On the circular world map by the renowned medieval scholar, lexicographer, grammarian, and dialectologist Mahmud al-Kashgari (or Mahmud ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari, 1029–1101), the geographic placement of the land of the Bashkirs draws particular attention.
In the translation by Chinese scholar of Kazakh origin Nurlan Kenzheakhmet, it is labeled Fiyāfi Bashqïrt (“States of Bashqïrt”)—i.e., the land of the Bashkirs (Kenzheakhmet, 2021: 12–13)—and is situated between the headwaters of the Irtysh and the Ili (Ila) rivers. That is, Bashkiria (the Bashkirs) is placed in relative proximity to regions historically settled by the Kyrgyz.
Apparently, Mahmud al-Kashgari’s map reflects that part of the Bashkir tribes that, having migrated to the Aral Sea region and further into the Southern Urals via the indicated territory, later consolidated with other parts of the ethnic group.
L.R. Kyzlasov, referring to the work of R.G. Kuzeev, believed that the penetration into Bashkiria of tribal groups such as the Khakas, Kyrgyz, Un, Saryg, As, as well as the Tabyn, dates back to the 9th–10th centuries and is associated with the westward expansion of the Khakas (Kyrgyz).
In several villages of the present-day Gafuriysky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan, inhabited by Bashkirs of the Kese-Tabyn clan, there is a subdivision called “Kakhas”, which should be linked to the Khakas people.
One thing is certain: part of the so-called western Tabyn people appeared in Bashkiria long before the beginning of the 13th century.
In this regard, a comparison of the results of Y-DNA genetic studies of the Tabyn and other tribal groups (clans) of the Bashkirs with modern Kyrgyz is of interest.
As part of the preparation and implementation of the “History of Bashkir Clans” project, haplotype analysis was also conducted on descendants of the Bashkir Kyrgyz clan.
Genotyping results showed that among representatives of this clan, the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup is I-M253. DNA samples were mainly collected from Kyrgyz-clan Bashkirs in the Ilishevsky and Bakalinsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan during genetic material collection expeditions conducted in 2014, under the overall supervision of Prof. E.V. Balanovskaya of the Medical Genetic Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MGNTS RAS).
This haplogroup is represented among the Bashkirs by several subclades. Based on genotyping results from commercial laboratories, it was established that representatives of the Kyrgyz clan, as well as descendants of the neighboring Girey clan, belong to the I1-M227 subclade of the I-M253 haplogroup.
Clan groups of the Aylin territorial tribal group—Murzalar and Tyrnakly—belong to the I1-Z1402 subclade of the I-M253 haplogroup. (See Fig. 2) Bashkir Clans on the Phylogenetic Tree of Subclades of the “Western Eurasian” Haplogroup I-M270
Some representatives of this haplogroup are also found among certain family-clan groups of the Minsk and Yurmaty Bashkirs.
It is most likely that the subclade I1-M227 originated in the territory of Sweden. Considering the connection of various I1 subclades with Germanic peoples, it can be assumed that subclade I1-M227 also initially had a Germanic (Scandinavian) origin.
The lineage that includes subclades I1-M72 and the ancestors of the Bashkir Girey and Kyrgyz clans most likely emerged in the Eastern Baltic region (Lithuania and northeastern Poland) in the early 1st millennium CE.
This region was inhabited since ancient times by various Baltic tribes (IBR Kyrgyz, pp. 58–60).
Of interest is the relative genetic proximity between modern Kyrgyz and a number of other Bashkir clans, which will be discussed below.
Recent studies have shown a predominance among modern Kyrgyz of various related subclades of the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a, ranging from 50% to 65% depending on the calculation method.
According to data from the Kyrgyz FTDNA genetic project:
•Haplogroup R1a: 55.3%
•Haplogroup C3: 25.5%
•Haplogroup O: 8.5%
•Haplogroup N1: 4.2%
•Haplogroup R1b: 4.2%
•Haplogroup J2: 2.1%
According to other data, based on the research of Tatiana Zerjal and her colleagues (R. Spencer Wells, Nadira Yuldasheva, Ruslan Ruzibakiev, Chris Tyler-Smith), the proportion of Y-haplogroup R1a among the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan is even higher and is represented as follows:
•R1a: 63.4%
•Haplogroup C2b: 12.2%
•Haplogroup C2c: 7.3%
•Haplogroup O2: 4.9%
•Haplogroup R1b: 4.9%
•Haplogroup J1: 4.9%
•Haplogroup J2: 4.9%
•Haplogroup G: 2.4%
•Haplogroup I: 2.4%
•Haplogroup N3: 2.4%
•Haplogroup K: 2.4%
(Zerjal et al., 2002)
(See: Fig. 3. Distribution of Haplogroups among the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan)
Haplogroup R1a1 is even more prevalent among the Kyrgyz of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.
(See: Fig. 4. Distribution of Haplogroups among the Kyrgyz in China)
According to FTDNA, the R1a haplogroup among modern Kyrgyz is divided into two subclades. The primary one is Z2125, found in 90% of carriers of this haplogroup; the remaining 10% belong to R1a (Z94)*.
Remarkably, the genetic data almost perfectly aligns with the Kyrgyz tribal genealogy system known as sanjira, in which the Right and Left wings of the Kyrgyz are considered the core of the Kyrgyz people (corresponding to 90% R1a Z2125), while the Ichkilik division consists of tribes originally of different origin.
Haplogroup R1a1 is especially prevalent among the descendants of Adygine and Tagai (including the Kyrgyz tribes Buğu, Sayak, Talkan, and others).
It is most likely that the majority of R1a carriers among modern Kyrgyz—who make up about 50% of the entire Kyrgyz population—are direct paternal-line descendants of a single individual who lived in the 10th–11th centuries (Sabitov et al., 2012; Sabitov et al., 2013).
This is also supported by the TMRCA (Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor) method in population genetics, which estimates the time of the most recent common ancestor in a population.
These analyses were carried out by geneticist O.A. Balaganskaya and are further corroborated by a key 16th-century written source, Majmu‘ at-Tawarikh, in which detailed records of the Kyrgyz sanjira of that period were preserved (Materials, 1973: 207–209).
Kyrgyz who carry the YP1456 lineage of subclade R1a1-Y349 on the R1a1-Z93 phylogenetic tree show close genetic affinity with Southern Altaians and Telengits, some Kazakh groups, and Lithuanian Turks.
The Yurmaty Bashkir clan (carrying the YP348 lineage of the R1a1-Y349 subclade within R1a1-Z2125) is located very close to the Kyrgyz group on the R1a1-Z93 phylogenetic tree.
“Asian” subclades of R1a1-Z93 under haplogroup R1a1-M198 predominate among a number of Bashkir tribes (clans), such as:
•Kypchak, Tangaur, Tamyän, and Telyau (all within the Y2633 lineage of subclade R1a1-Z2123, further branching into R1a1-Z2125);
•the large Tabyn tribal group;
•and clans such as Kudey, Ayle, and Katai (within the Y5977 lineage of the same R1a1-Z2123 subclade).
(See Fig. 5. Bashkir Clans on the Phylogenetic Trees of Subclades of the Pan-Eurasian Haplogroup R1a-M198)
In light of the above, the correlation between genetic data—specifically regarding these subclades of the R1a haplogroup—and genealogical records is observed not only among the largest Bashkir tribal associations, such as Tabyn and Kypchak, but also among relatively smaller groups like Tangaur, Katai, Ayle, Syzgı, and others.
A similar correlation is also observed when comparing genetic origin data with genealogical traditions of Kyrgyz and Kazakh tribes (IBR Tabyn, p. 267).
Of particular interest is the identified genetic proximity between tested representatives of the Bashkir Koshso clan and the Kyrgyz Kushchi clan from the Talas region of Kyrgyzstan.
Here, it should be noted that, in all likelihood, the Kushu (Gashu) tribe—known to science from Chinese chronicles and Old Turkic inscriptions—corresponds to the Kushchi (Koshso) tribe, which is part of the clan nomenclature of the Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, and Bashkirs.
There is evidence suggesting that the Kushu tribe once inhabited an area north of Beshbalik, most likely on the southern slopes of the Altai Mountains.
The prominent historian N.A. Aristov associates this group with the Kushu (Koshchu) subdivision among the Tianshan Kyrgyz (Aristov, 1896: 298).
Summarizing the available body of materials, Bashkir historian R.G. Kuzeev draws the following conclusion:
“If the identification of the ethnonym Kushchu (Koshso) with the Gashu tribe from Chinese sources is correct, then in the 6th–7th centuries the Kushchu were participants in the Turkic expansion into Central Asia and constituted one of the elements of the Western Turkic Khaganate” (Kuzeev, 1974: 216).
For the purposes of our study, the findings on the so-called modal 12-marker haplotype of the genetic lineage (cluster) of haplogroup R1a-M198 are of particular interest.
Representatives of the Bashkir Koshso clan from Mechetlinsky District of Bashkortostan and the Syzgi clan from Krasnoufimsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast belong to the same genetic lineage—clearly distinguishable even at the 12 Y-STR marker level—as the Kushchi clan representative from Talas Region, Kyrgyzstan:
“The Y-STR marker values DYS390 = 24 and DYS385b = 15 are specific, but the most distinctive value is DYS439 = 12. This value is extremely rare among haplotypes of haplogroup R1a-M198” (IBR Koshso, pp. 115–117).
The inclusion of carriers of the ethnonym Kyrgyz into the ethnic environment of the Bashkirs could have occurred during the historical period known as the “Kyrgyz Empire.”
Presumably, in the 9th–10th centuries, during brief Kyrgyz campaigns, the ethnonym (or politonym) Kyrgyz spread widely across Central Asia. In 840 CE, the Kyrgyz defeated the Uighur Khaganate, after which part of the Uighurs fled to Eastern Turkestan, where they became known as the Toguz-Oghuz.
Another part of the Uighurs was forced to migrate westward. Pursuing them, the Kyrgyz reached the Middle Irtysh by the mid-9th century, gradually approaching the eastern spurs of the Southern Urals, where they came into contact with the ancient Bashkirs.
It is no coincidence that kurgans of the ancient Khakas (ancient Kyrgyz), specifically of the so-called Tyuktyat culture from the 9th–10th centuries, have been excavated in the upper reaches of the Ural River and along the Middle Irtysh.
The Kyrgyz clan within the Bashkirs emerged as a result of a small group of migrating Yenisei Kyrgyz being overlaid onto the local Pre-Ural ethnic substratum, which is marked by haplogroup I1-M227.
Therefore, based on written sources, the Kyrgyz component in the ethnogenesis of the Bashkirs appears to be among the ancient layers of their ethnic composition.
A small group of Kyrgyz ethnonym bearers, despite their political dominance, left little genetic trace among the descendants of the Bashkir Kyrgyz clan. Having given their name to a numerically dominant population group, they were ultimately assimilated by it.
At the same time, several Bashkir clans are genetically relatively close to modern Kyrgyz on certain lines of the phylogenetic trees of the Pan-Eurasian haplogroup R1a-M198.
Most notably, this includes the descendants of the Yurmaty clan. Additionally, there is genetic closeness between the Koshso clan of the Bashkirs and the Kushchi clan of the Talas Region of Kyrgyzstan.
In this context, the information recorded by the renowned researcher of Kyrgyz history, S.M. Abramzon, from the informant S. Jumayev, does not appear coincidental. Jumayev stated that “in terms of origin, the Bashkirs are closer to the Kyrgyz than to the Kazakhs.”
This information was documented by Abramzon during a 1954 expedition, when a well-known genealogical legend of the Kyrgyz was recorded. According to the legend:
“Burut” (Burut being one of the exoethnonyms for the Kyrgyz – author’s note) had sons named Kabyraan and Usun. Kabyraan had two sons: Eshtek and Nurkunan.
All Kazakhs descended from Usun; from Nurkunan came the Oyguts, Kyrgyz, and Jediger; and from Eshtek (the Kazakhs referred to the Bashkirs as Eshtek or Estek – author’s note) came the Bashkirs.” (Abramzon, 1990: 74)
Conclusion
Historical-cartographic materials compiled by medieval scholars (geographers, dialectologists, historians), ethnocultural parallels in the plots of oral traditions and legends, as well as shared ethnonyms and toponyms, all point to the existence of common ethnocultural components between the Bashkirs and the Kyrgyz.
The results of genetic studies on Bashkir and Kyrgyz clans (tribes) confirm the complex nature of their formation and help clarify which specific ethnic layers of these peoples exhibit relative ethnogenetic proximity.
— A. Bikbulatova, A. Asylguzhin, A. Maksutova
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan, Zhusup Balasagyn Kyrgyz National University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz RepublicANO “Center for the Study of the Historical Heritage of the Peoples of Bashkortostan ‘Shezhere,’” Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan
Source: А. Bikbulatova, A. Asilguzhin, A. Maksutova Kyrgyz clan (tribe) within the
Bashkirs. Bashkir-Kyrgyz ethnogenetic parallels // Turkic Studies Journal. 2024. Vol. 6. No 4. P.17-35. DOI: http://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2024-4-17-35
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