“Among the peoples who lived in Central Asia during the Han Dynasty, Chinese chronicles noted six tribes distinguished by blue eyes and red hair. Klaproth (Tableaux historiques de l’Asie, p. 82) and Abel Rémusat (Recherches sur les langues tartares, Vol. 1, [51] p. 306) considered them to be of Indo-Germanic origin—Klaproth referred to them as nations Alano-Gothes, while Abel Rémusat called them nations Gothiques et Hindo-Scythiques.
Among these peoples were, among others, the Khakas, who later became known as the Kilikiz, i.e., the Kyrgyz, and the Wusun, who particularly astonished the Chinese with their foreign appearance and, as the Chinese put it, their “horse-like faces.”
Today, in Dzungaria, two groups inhabit the region: the Buruts, or the true Kyrgyz, and the Kyrgyz-Kaisaks of the Great Horde, who bear the collective name Uisun (Wusun). Among them exists a group called the Red Wusun (Sary Uisun), which, interestingly enough, considers itself the remnant of a once powerful and great nation.
Having long been engaged in collecting Kyrgyz folktales, myths, epic songs, and legends, I was struck by the similarity of their motifs with those found in the folklore of European peoples, especially the Slavs. In Mr. Afanasyev’s collection, I found only six folktales that were unknown to me in their Kyrgyz versions.
At first, following Abel Rémusat, I explained this phenomenon as the result of the influence and intermingling of Indo-Germanic tribes with the Tatars during their coexistence on the Central Asian steppes. Later, I hoped to find in the Great Horde and among the Wild Stone Kyrgyz the key to understanding this question, as well as valuable materials for my collection. However, my expectations were not fulfilled.
I will not dwell on the Kyrgyz-Kaisaks (Kazakhs) of the Great Horde, as they are entirely similar to their Siberian and Orenburg Kaisak counterparts.
(Chokan Valikhanov, Legends and Traditions of the Great Kyrgyz-Kaisak Horde: “The Kyrgyz-Kaisaks (Kazakhs) of the Great Horde trace their lineage to the ancient Mongol clan of the Uisun, with their progenitor being Maiky-biy, a contemporary of Genghis Khan.”)
Concluding my ethnographic notes on the Buruts and Wusun, I find it necessary to emphasize that these are two entirely distinct peoples. This distinction was carefully noted by Levshin, Meyendorff, and especially by Father Hyacinth, but to this day, no one has heeded their warnings.
Their words were like a voice crying in the wilderness—even Humboldt and Ritter could not fully grasp the issue. They believed that the Buruts formed the core of the Great Kaisak Horde and that this Horde should be distinguished from the Middle and Lesser Hordes.
However, this was a grave mistake on the part of these esteemed scholars. The Great, Middle, and Lesser Kyrgyz-Kaisak Hordes constitute a single people—the Kazakh—who are distinct from the people called Kyrgyz by the Chinese (Buruts) and by the Russians (Wild Stone Kyrgyz or Black Kyrgyz).
These two peoples differ in language, origin, and customs. Even the Burut’s facial features are distinct and unlike those of the Kaisaks (see the portrait of Manap Burumbay, drawn by me in 1856, and another portrait made in Omsk in 1848).
The origins and history of the Wild Stone Kyrgyz remain an unresolved and contentious question for scholars working with Chinese and Eastern historical sources.
Most researchers, however, hold the opinion that today’s Wild Stone Buruts are none other than the Yenisei Kyrgyz, who were relocated in the past century by the Dzungars to new nomadic pastures. Because of this, they are considered identical to the Khakas of the Tang Dynasty and the Kilikiz of the Yuan Dynasty.
Rashid al-Din, in his History of the Mongols, classifies the Kyrgyz among the forest peoples of southern Siberia, who lived in the region of Barkhudjin-Tukum. The name Kem-Kemjüt, given to the Kyrgyz by him and by Abulgazi, recalls Kem (Yenisei) and the Kemchuk River, which were likely the nomadic lands of this people at the time.
During the conquest of Siberia, Russian Cossacks encountered the Kyrgyz on the Abakan and Yus rivers and waged fierce wars against them from the 17th century to the early 18th century. After that, the name of this people suddenly disappeared from Siberian chronicles.
Fischer believed that they were relocated by the Dzungar Khoi-Taiji and, based on rumors, assumed that their new homeland must be somewhere near the borders of Tibet and the mountains of the Hindu Kush.
Levshin notes that Swedish officers were the first to document this event in history and asserts that their relocation was the result of a special agreement between the Russian government and the Dzungar Khoi-Taiji.
However, the Chinese call the Wild Stone Kyrgyz Buruts and say that they migrated to their present nomadic lands from the Kunlun Mountains, where they lived during the Tang Dynasty under the name Bulu or Pulu.
Father Hyacinth (Iakinf) was the first to distinguish the Kyrgyz of southern Siberia from the present-day Buruts. He considered the latter to be a Turkic tribe and, to differentiate them from the former, referred to them as Kergiz.
Ritter [66], in his Erdkunde von Asien, incorrectly conflates the Wild Stone Kyrgyz-Buruts with the Kyrgyz-Kaisaks, considering them all to be a migration of the Yenisei Kilikiz or Khakas. Following Klaproth and Abel Rémusat, he classifies them as an Indo-Germanic tribe that became Turkified due to intertribal mixing.
Regarding the disappearance of the Kyrgyz from Russian Siberia in the 17th century, Ritter states that, under pressure from their neighbors, they withdrew to their kindred Buruts in Western Turkestan and to the steppes southeast of the Irtysh. Consequently, he considers the Buruts to be the ancient inhabitants of their present nomadic lands.
This is the current state of the question regarding the origins of today’s Wild Stone Kyrgyz. To clarify this confusion, we turned to oral traditions and obtained the following information:
The people known as the Wild Stone Kyrgyz or Black Kyrgyz simply call themselves Kyrgyz, or, as they pronounce it, Krgız. The name Burut, given to them by the Kalmyks and Chinese, is entirely unfamiliar to them.
The Kyrgyz consider the Andijan Mountains to be their original homeland.
There is no preserved tradition among them regarding a migration from southern Siberia. However, there is a tradition that their nomadic movements expanded from south to north, reaching the Black Irtysh, the Altai, and the Khangai Mountains, and extending eastward as far as Urumqi.
Based on this information, we believe that the Wild Stone Kyrgyz are identical to the Yenisei Khakas or Kyrgyz, known in Chinese pronunciation as Ki-li-ki-zï. A Chinese chronicler, a contemporary of the Mongols, states that Kili-ki-zï in the local language means “forty maidens” (kırk—forty, kız—girl).
Modern Kyrgyz also use this etymology to explain their name. Furthermore, we believe that the Kyrgyz expanded eastward to their current nomadic lands in ancient times, as Kyrgyz (Kili-ki-zï) are mentioned in the 1253 route of Hulagu Khan in the Tian Shan region.
Their migrations from the Tian Shan to the Khangai Mountains and back continued in subsequent times, as confirmed by oral traditions.
These migrations ceased only when a powerful Oirat or Dzungar state emerged between the Altai and the Tian Shan.
The widely accepted scholarly opinion that the migration of the Kyrgyz from the Yenisei to the Tian Shan in the early 18th century was carried out by the Dzungars based on a mutual agreement with the Russian government is not entirely accurate, according to new evidence we have obtained.
In the Kashgarian chronicle Tarikh-i Rashidi, I found evidence that the Kyrgyz (Buruts) were already nomadic in the mountains near Andijan at the end of the 15th century. By the time of the historian himself (around 1520), they had expanded their pastures as far as Issyk-Kul.
From the genealogy of the Buruts, it follows that the main body of their people consists of the Turkic Kyrgyz tribe, which was later joined by two foreign groups.
One of these foreign groups includes the Kipchak, Naiman, and Kytai clans. Their claim to Kyrgyz identity is genealogically justified by assigning them a common ancestor, who is designated as the son of Kyrgyz-bai.
The second foreign group, Ichkilik, also considers its progenitor to be a son of Kyrgyz-bai, but this lineage is not recognized by the other clans.
The third group consists of the true Kyrgyz, who are divided into two wings: On and Sol. In the present generation, they have branched into numerous lineages, each of which further subdivides into smaller groups.
The Wild Stone Horde is divided into two wings: On and Sol, meaning “right” and “left,” corresponding to the Mongolian terms Borongar and Jungar.
The right wing is further divided into two sections: Adygine and Tagay. Tagay is the largest section, comprising seven closely related but frequently feuding tribes: Sarybagysh, Bugu, Sultu, Sayak, Cherik, Chonbagysh, and Basyz.
The Bugu have been under Russian rule since 1855 and number 11 kibitkas (nomadic dwellings). They practice agriculture along the southern shore of Issyk-Kul and spend their summers in the upper reaches of the Tekes and Kegen rivers.
The Sarybagysh, numbering about 10 kibitkas, migrate along the Chu River and the eastern end of Issyk-Kul.
The Solto, the most warlike tribe, numbering up to 15 kibitkas, migrate along the Talas and Chu Rivers near the Kokand fortress of Pishpek.
The Sayak occupy the upper reaches of the Naryn and Jungar regions. The Cherik live in the Tian Shan highlands south of Issyk-Kul. The Chonbagysh encircle the mountains northwest of Kashgar.
The last two tribes are very poor. The remaining clans of the Tagay lineage inhabit the mountains north of Namangan, around Andijan, and in the upper reaches of the Jum-Gol River.
The Adygine Kyrgyz practice agriculture in the Fergana Valley near the cities of Margilan and Osh and spend their summers in the mountains between Osh and Kokand.
These Kyrgyz enjoy the same rights as the Uzbeks, serve as sipahis in the Kokand army, and their chieftains hold important positions at the court and in the military.
The current Kopal vizier, Alim-Bek-Datka, is a Kyrgyz biy of this tribe; together with his Kyrgyz, he assisted the present Khan Mallia in seizing control of Kokand.
The left wing consists of three small tribes that migrate along the Talas River. Their ancestors are related to the Kokand khans, who, through the maternal line, are of Kyrgyz origin.
The Naiman, Kipchak, and Kytai tribes, which joined the Kyrgyz people later, migrate from Osh across the Pamir Plateau to Badakhshan and from there along the Karakoram range. Alongside them migrate the Ichkilik and some clans from the Adygine tribe.
All Kyrgyz, except for the Bugu, who are Russian subjects, and the Turaygyr-Kipchak clans near the Kashgarian town of Tash-Malyk, who are directly dependent on China, recognize the authority of the Kokand khan, to whom they pay a zakat tax of one horse per hundred.
To administer the Kyrgyz, the Kokandis have established fortresses in their nomadic territories: Pishpek, Tokmak, and Merke on the Chu River; Aulie-Ata (ancient Taraz) on the Talas; Kurtka and Tüz-Taraw on the Naryn River; Ketmen-Tübe and Jumgal on the Jungar River; and Bustan-Terek and Tash-Kurgan in the Pamirs.
— Ch. Valikhanov, Essays on Dzungaria
The text has been reproduced from the publication:
Collected Works of Chokan Chingisovich Valikhanov (Notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, Department of Ethnography, Volume XXIX). St. Petersburg, 1904
© Text edited by N. I. Veselovsky, 1904
© Digital version – Thietmar, 2019
© OCR – Ivanov A., 2019
© Design – Voitekhovich A., 2001
What does DNA science reveal about the origins of the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs?
Joo-Yup Lee and Shuntu Kuang, University of Toronto, Canada
Kyrgyz
“Haplogroup R1a1, more specifically, its subclade R1a1a1b2 (defined by mutation Z93), is the genetic marker of the Indo-European pastoralists, who migrated from modern-day Ukraine to modern-day Iran, India, the Kazakh steppes, the Tarim Basin, the Altai Mountains region, the Yenisei River region, and western Mongolia during the Bronze Age.
Naturally, R1a1, more specifically, its subclade R1a1a1b2 (R1a-Z93), occurs at high frequency among the Turkic peoples now residing in the Yenisei River and the Altai Mountains regions in Russia.
Compared to the Tuvinians, the Khakass (whose name was created by the Soviets from Xiajiasi (黠戛斯), a Chinese name for Kyrgyz, since they were regarded as descending from the Kyrgyz have noticeably higher percentages of R1a1 (35.2%) and much lower percentages of haplogroups C (1.1%) and Q (4%). However, N is also the most prevalent haplogroup (50%) of the Khakass (Gubina et al. 2013: 339; Shi et al. 2013)
As for the Altaians, the Altai-Kizhi (southern Altaians) are characterised by a high percentage of R1a1 (50%) and low to moderate percentages of C2 (20%), Q (16.7%) and N (4.2%) (Dulik et al. 2012: 234).
The major differences between the Khakass and the southern Altaians are the lower frequency of haplogroup N (in another study, haplogroup N is found at high frequency (32%) among the Altaians in general: see Gubina et al. 2013: 329, 339) and the higher frequencies of haplogroups C2 and Q among the latter.
The descent of the Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz) of the Tien Shan Mountains region (Kyrgyzstan) from the Yenisei Kyrgyz is debated among historians.
However, among the modern Turkic peoples, the former have the highest percentage of R1a1 (over 60%). Since the West Eurasian physiognomy of the Yenisei Kyrgyz recorded in the Xin Tangshu was in all likelihood a reflection of their Eurasian Indo-European marker R1a1a1b2 (R1a-Z93), one may conjecture that the Tien Shan Kyrgyz received their R1a1 marker from the Yenisei Kyrgyz. That is, the former are descended from the latter.
The other Y-chromosome haplogroups found among the Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz) are C2 (12~20%), O (0~15%) and N (0~4.5%).50 The lack of haplogroup Q among the Qirghiz (Kyrgyz) mostly distinguishes them from the Altaians.
During the Bronze Age and early Iron Age, the Yenisei River region was inhabited by Indo-Europeans. The dna study of 26 ancient human specimens from the Krasnoyarsk area dated from the middle of the second millennium bc to the fourth century ad shows that the Yenisei pastoralists mostly belonged to haplogroup R1a1 (Keyser et al. 2009: 401)
The high frequency of R1a1 among the modern-day Kyrgyz and Altaians may thus prove that they are descended from the Yenisei Kyrgyz. In addition, this may explain the reason why medieval Chinese histories depict the Kyrgyz as possessing West Eurasian physiognomy.
The Y-chromosomes of the Kök Türks have not been studied. After the collapse of the Second Türk Khaganate in 745 ce, the Kök Türks became dispersed and it is difficult to identify their modern descendants.
If they were indeed descended from the Eastern Scythians aka Saka (Suo) or related to the Kyrgyz, as the Zhoushu states (Zhoushu 50.908), the Ashina (royal Türkic dynasty, possibly related to the Turko-Jewish Khazar Khaganate, according to Peter B. Golden of Rutgers University) may have belonged to the R1a1 lineage.
Kazakhs
Haplogroup C2 (formerly known as C3) reaches its highest frequency among the Kazakhs (66~73.7% among the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan, 75.47% among the Kazakhs of Xinjiang (Zhong et al. 2010: figure 1), 78% among the Kazakhs of Karakalpakstan (Balaresque et al. 2015: supplementary figure 1) and 59.7% among the Kazakhs of the Altai Republic in Russia (Dulik et al. 2011, 2–3), whose ancestors include the Qipchaqs and other Turkic groups, and the Mongols, among others.
C2 is the major haplogroup of the Mongols, Kazakhs, and Evenks, who belong to the proposed Altaic language family (for the Evenks, see Pakendorf et al. 2007: 1017, table 5: C-M217 and its subclades C-M48 and C-M86 correspond to C2; for the Mongols and Kazakhs, see Wells et al. 2001: 10245, table 1: M130 and M48 correspond to haplogroup C2; Zerjal et al. 2002: 474: haplogroups 10 and 36 correspond to haplogroup C2).
Haplogroup C2 is also the main paternal clan among the Buryats (see Kharkov et al. 2014: 183), who are the Mongolic people”
- Joo-Yup Lee and Shuntu Kuang, University of Toronto, Canada, “A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples’
Volkov, Kharkov, Stepanov - “The Southern Altaians and the Tian Shan Kyrgyz are descendants of close relatives of the Yenisei Andronovans, most likely the descendants of the Altai Andronovans.
It is well known that linguists and ethnographers have long established a close linguistic and ethnic kinship between the Kyrgyz and the Southern Altaians.
Some historians believe that the Kyrgyz and the Southern Altaians once belonged to a single community and that the migration of the Kyrgyz from the Altai to the Tian Shan occurred relatively recently (Abramzon, 1959: 34; Abdumanapov, 2007: 95, 114).
It is also highly probable that the spread of Indo-Iranian languages in this region is linked specifically to the R-L342.2 subclade.
At the same time, there is virtually no doubt that representatives of this subclade formed the core of the Indo-Aryans who ‘invaded’ India approximately 3,500 years ago.
The haplotypes of the carriers of the Andronovo and Tagar cultures show the greatest similarity with the haplotypes of the Southern Altaians and the Tian Shan Kyrgyz.
Preliminary results indicate the following: while the distribution range of the SNP marker L342.2 is significant, it remains confined within Asia.
In Europe, this SNP marker is practically absent, except among populations of clear Asian origin, such as Ashkenazi Jews, as well as Lithuanian and Volga Tatars.
This SNP marker is more frequently found among the following population groups: Arabs (primarily those living on the border with Iraq), Turks, Pakistanis, North and South Indians, Afghans, Southern Altaians, Tian Shan Kyrgyz, and Bashkirs.
According to most researchers specializing in Aryan studies, the semi-nomadic pastoralist tribes of the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultural-historical communities represent the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.
These tribes are possibly the legendary Aryans who, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, entered ancient Iran, crossed the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan, and invaded the Indus Valley.
The modal 15-marker haplotype of one of the Southern Altaian groups within haplogroup R1a1a, as presented in O.A. Balaganskaya’s study (Balaganskaya, 2011: 22), fully coincides with the modal haplotype of the most numerous R1a1a cluster among the Tian Shan Kyrgyz." - Volkov, Kharkov, Stepanov, “The Andronovo and Tagar Cultures in Light of Genetic Data.”
Kazakh tribe ‘Uisun’
Zhabagin, Sabitov, Lan-Hai Wei, Balanovska - «The majority of the Kazakhs from South Kazakhstan belongs to the 12 clans of the Senior Zhuz. According to traditional genealogy, nine of these clans have a common ancestor and constitute the Uissun tribe. There are three main hypotheses of the clans’ origin, namely, origin from early Wusuns, from Niru’un Mongols, or from Darligin Mongols.
We genotyped 490 samples of South Kazakhs by 35 Y-chromosomal SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and 17 STRs (short tandem repeat). Additionally, 133 samples from citizen science projects were included into the study.
We found that three Uissun clans have unique Y-chromosomal profiles, but the remaining six Uissun clans and one non-Uissun clan share a common paternal gene pool. They share a high frequency (> 40%) of the C2-ST haplogroup (marked by the SNP F3796), which is associated with the early Niru’un Mongols.
Phylogenetic analysis of this haplogroup carried out on 743 individuals from 25 populations of Eurasia has revealed a set of haplotype clusters, three of which contain the Uissun haplotypes. The demographic expansion of these clusters dates back to the 13-fourteenth century, coinciding with the time of the Uissun’s ancestor Maiky-biy known from historical sources.
In addition, it coincides with the expansion period of the Mongol Empire in the Late Middle Ages. A comparison of the results with published aDNA (ancient deoxyribonucleic acid) data and modern Y haplogroups frequencies suggest an origin of Uissuns from Niru’un Mongols rather than from Wusuns or Darligin Mongols.
The Y-chromosomal variation in South Kazakh clans indicates their common origin in 13th–14th centuries AD, in agreement with the traditional genealogy. Though genetically there were at least three ancestral lineages instead of the traditional single ancestor. The majority of the Y-chromosomal lineages of South Kazakhstan was brought by the migration of the population related to the medieval Niru’un Mongols.
Kazakh clans are structured into three main socio-territorial groups called Senior, Middle, and Junior Zhuzes. Twelve clans of the Senior Zhuz mainly reside in the South Kazakhstan.
According to the traditional genealogy of the Kazakhs, also known as Shezhire, nine out of 12 clans share a common ancestor known as Maiky-biy.
Historical sources mention that he led the western part of the Golden Horde under Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. These nine clans altogether form the Uissun tribe. The three remaining clans (Jalair, Kanly, and Shanyshkly) have their own ancestors and are considered as genealogically unrelated to each other and to Uissun clans.
There are three main hypotheses of the origin of the Uissun tribe. The first one is the origin from the early Wusuns, people of Iranian or Tocharian origin, who lived in the Tarim river basin. This area is adjacent to the location of the current residence of the Uissuns.
The other two versions imply a more distant migration from Mongolia. According to the genealogy, Maiky-biy either belongs to the clan of Ushin being a part of the Darligin Mongols, or to the clan of Baarin being a part the Niru’un Mongols.
Phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup С2-F3796
We performed the detailed phylogenetic analysis of the most frequent haplogroup among the Uissuns – C2*-ST (40%). This haplogroup, also known as Star Cluster (ST), is clearly distinguished within M217(xM48, M407) by STR haplotypes. It corresponds to the subclade marked by the SNP F3796. This lineage had spread rapidly over the steppe in Eurasia during the conquests of the Mongol Empire.
It has been presumably associated with the haplotype of Genghis Khan or his relatives. The highest frequencies of the C2-ST were found in Kazakhs from the Kerey clan of the Middle Zhuz (77%), Buryats from the Bargut clan (46%), Hazaras (38%) ; Uzbeks from Afghanistan (35%), and Mongols (35%).
Whose descendants are the clans of South Kazakhstan?
We found that C2-F3796 subclade of haplogroup C2-ST is the most common in the population of South Kazakhstan. In this sense C2-ST is a key to decipher direct paternal ancestor of the Senior Zhuz clans.
Moreover, according to historical studies, the lifetime of the legendary ancestor of the Uissuns (the main population group of South Kazakhstan) coincides with TMRCA of the Uissun cluster.
The oldest known specimen of this lineage (subclade C2-Y4580) originated from the Mongolian-Buddhist burial of Ulus Dzhuchi (700 years ago) in Central Kazakhstan (Ulytau, Karasauyr burial ground. It is closely related to the Uissun haplogroup C2-ST.
The only sample of the Wusun culture studied to date (burial Turgen-2, Semirechye, Kazakhstan) belongs to the haplogroup R1a1a-Z93(xZ94) (subclade R1a1a-Y41571). Other ancient specimens from the Tarim Basin where Wusun lived also belonged to the haplogroup R1a1.
In contrast, all previously studied Kazakh samples belonged to another branch of R1a, namely R1a1a-Z94 (subclade Z2125). In general, R1a is not frequent among Uissun (6% only), therefore, paternal lineages of the Uissuns likely originated from the early Mongols populations rather than from the Wusun.
According to The Secret History of the Mongols, the early Mongols were divided into Niru’un and Darligin Mongols. Which one of them is the ancestor of the Uissuns?
The only successor clan of the Darligin Mongols which has been genetically studied is Konyrat (Kungirat). The haplogroup C2-M407 is present at high frequency (86%) in Konyrat, but not in the Uissuns. According to genealogy, not only the Uissuns but also the Shanyshkly clan of the Senior Zhuz are the descendants of the Niru’un Mongols with dominant C2-ST haplogroup.
In addition, C2-ST is identified by citizen scientists in several genealogical lineages of the Niru’uns (Keneges, Manghit and Katagan), and among the Hazaras which are considered to be direct descendants of the Niru’un Mongols. As a result, we suggest the origin of the Y-chromosomal lineages of the main populations of South Kazakhstan from the Niru’un Mongols.
We presented the Y-chromosomal profiles of the almost every clan from South Kazakhstan (the historical area of the Senior Zhuz of Kazakh). The results indicated the genetic similarity of the six Uissun and one non-Uissun clans to each other, while the other four clans (two Uissun and two non-Uissun clans) have the specific paternal pools.
Thus, the genetic data have not reproduced the traditional genealogy in all details; however, the genetic evidences were consistent with the common origin of the most clans from South Kazakhstan.
Moreover, the significant part of the population originated from three founders which all lived about 700–800 years ago, in contrast to one founder, according to traditional genealogy. These three clusters were identified within the C2-ST (C-F3796) haplogroup.
The first cluster is typical for most Uissun clans, the second one is common for the non-Uissun clan Jalair of South Kazakhstan, and the third one is typical for the North Kazakhstan clan of Kerey, but also includes individual samples from South Kazakhstan.
The predominance of the haplogroup C2-ST in South Kazakhstan suggests the origin of the majority of Y-chromosomal lineages from the Niru’un Mongols." - Zhabagin, Sabitov, Balanovska, Lan-Hai Wei, Akilzhanova, Zholdybayeva, Tarlykov, Tazhigulova, Junissova, Akilzhanov
#history #historyfacts #historynerd #scythians #huns #kyrgyz #turks #nomads #empires #sarmatians #история #археология #цивилизации #скифы #сарматы #тюрки #киргизы #гунны #pasyryk #kazakh #massagetean #cumans #kipchaks #GoldenHorde #RussianEmpire #Yenisei #Siberia #Khoton #mongolia
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